1.What Do You Understand by M25 Concrete?
Ans: According to IS 456 : 2000, M refers Mix and 25 refers the characteristic compressive.
Strength of concrete cube of 150mmX150mmX150 mm tested at the end of 28 days should be minimum 25 N/Sq.mm
2. What is the maximum allowable fresh concrete temperature until used as per ASTM ?
Ans: 32 OC
3. what are the skills required to become an architect ?
Ans:
- Conceptual understanding of designing models
- Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs
- Designing 3D models
- Engineering ability
- Business aptitude
- Legal knowledge
4. What is guniting ?
Ans: It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2. It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.
5. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is
Ans: Plastic bitumen
6. What is the bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF) – Explain.
Ans: A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam.
Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. For design purposes, the beam’s ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis.
7. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is
Ans: Plastic bitumen
8. What is the process of covering of concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall ?
Ans: Coping
9. A wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling, is known as
Ans: Retaining wall
10. What is the minimum curing period?
Ans: IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather.
11. What is the minimum weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136 ?
Ans: 300 g
12. How many hours should CBR samples be soaked ?
Ans: 96 Hrs
13. What is a bearing capacity of soil?
Ans: Bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground by the foundation of the structure.
14. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete?
Ans: Honeycomb, also known as air pocket, is nothing but the air voids in concrete. It is usually formed during concrete casting.
15. What field tests are required for quality check of cement?
Ans: Quality of cement can be checked with colour, physical properties, etc. Cement should have grey colour with light greenish shade. It should feel smooth when rubbed between fingers. If hand is inserted in a heap of cement or its bags, it should feel cool. When pinch of cement is thrown in Water then cement should float for some time before it sink. Also, it should be lump free.
16. What are the types of cement?
Ans: There are various types of cement which are: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), White Portland Cement (WPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Low Heat Portland Cement, Coloured Portland Cement, Hydrophobic cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Sulphate resisting Portland Cement, etc.
17. what is the difference between built area and super built up area?
Ans:
• Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area
• Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc.
18. What is Water-Cement Ratio and How it is related to the strength of concrete?
Ans: The water-cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix difficult to work i.e. low workability of Concrete Mix. Workability can be increased with the use of admixtures.
19. Explain what is Hybrid Foundation?
Ans: Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement.
20 . What are the steps involved in the concreting process, explain?
Ans: Steps In Concreting:
- Batching: The process of measuring different concrete materials such as cement, coarse
- aggregate, sand, water for the making of concrete is known as batching.
- Mixing.
- Transportation:
- Compaction.
- Curing.
21. Explain what is flashing?
Ans: Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets.
22. What is Bursting Reinforcement ?
Ans: Tensile stresses are induced during prestressing operation and the maximum bursting stress occurs where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load. Reinforcement is needed to resist these lateral tensile forces.
23. What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works?
Ans: In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pump-able, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure.
The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to improve the pump-ability of concrete.
24. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager?
Ans: The responsibilities of a construction manager are
• Cost Estimates
• Pre-purchase of selected materials
• Selection of bidders for bidding phase
• Analysis of proposals
• Construction contract negotiations
• Construction Scheduling and Monitoring
• Cost control of construction
• Construction supervision
25. What is Shear slump ?
Ans: Shear slump implies that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. Consequently, it may undergo segregation and bleeding and thus is undesirable for durability of concrete.
26. Why is concrete weak in tension?
Ans: Concrete is made up of collection of materials (several aggregate types, cement, pozzolans, water, air…), which are stick together with a cement paste. The “interface” zone is the weakest link in the structure. When compressing, that interface only serves to transfer compressive stresses from one aggregate to the next. That does not require exceptional strength.
Under tension, the aggregates are trying to pull away from each other, and the glue is what holds the whole system together. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is where the failure starts at much lower stresses.
27. What is grouting?
Ans: Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids.
28. What is the recommended slump for column ?
Ans: 75 to 125 mm
29. The bearing capacity of granite is generally ?
Ans: 30 to 35 kg/cm 2
30. What are the specifications of tamping rod used in cube filling for cube test ?
Ans: According to the IS code 2386, a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge
31 .What is the minimum curing period ?
Ans: IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures.
It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather.
32. What are the functions of column in a building ?
Ans: Column is a vertical member in building whose Primary function is to support structural load and transfer it through beams. Upper columns transfers the load to the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings.
33. What are the uses of Groynes ?
Ans: They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop the longshore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.
34. What is the initial and final setting time of ideal cement mix?
Ans: Initial setting time for ideal cement mix is around 30 minutes for almost all kind of cements. For masonry cement it can be 90minutes. Final setting time of ideal cement mix should be 10 hours at max. For masonry cement it shouldn’t exceed 24hours
35. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called
Ans: Bat
36. What reinforcements are used in the process of prestressing?
Ans: The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are:
- Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes.
- Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner.
- Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, reinforcements in the form of bursting are required.
37. What are the common ways of demolition?
Ans:
• Hydro-demolition
• Pressure Bursting
• Dismantling
38. What are the main reasons for conducting pull-out tests for soil nails?
Ans: There are mainly four reasons for this test:
- To check and verify the bond strength between soil and grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is the main objective of conducting soil nail pull-out test.
- To determine the bond strength between soil and grout for future design purpose. However, if this target is to be achieved, the test nails should be loaded to determine the ultimate soil/grout bond with an upper limit of 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of steel bars.
- To check if there is any slippage or creep occurrence.
- To check the elastic and plastic deformations of test nails. This is observed during the repeated loading and unloading cycles of soil nails.
39. Explain QA&QC ?
Ans: Quality Assurance (QA): Quality Assurance is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which works are done. Quality Assurance is the process of managing for quality.
Quality Control (QC): Quality Control is a set of activities for ensuring quality in works. The activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced. Quality Control is used to verify the quality of the output.
40. What Is The Ratio Of Grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40?
Ans:
- M5 – 1:5:10
- M7.5 – 1:4:8
- M10 – 1:3:6
- M15 – 1:2:4
- M20 – 1:1.5:3
- M25 – 1:1:2
- M30, M35, M40 – Design Mix Followed
41. The length of each fish plate is
Ans: 457.2mm
42. Rail chairs are used to fix
Ans: Double head rails
43. What is guniting ?
Ans: It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2
44. It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces
Ans: Flat bearing
The main purpose of using bearing plate is to Flat bearing Distribute the pressure over wider area, eliminate the adzing of wooden sleepers, preventing the widening of gauge of curves
45. How would you describe the soundness of cement?
Ans: Cement soundness can be described as a property which ensures that the cement does not go through any appreciable expansion pr experience any chance in volume once it has been set. This process helps get rid of any possibilities of the mortar or concrete from getting disrupted.
46. Creeping of rails can be checked by using
Ans: Anchors
47. What Is Rigging ?
Ans: In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.
48. What Are The Materials Used In Building A Gravity Dam?
Ans: There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.
49. What made you decide to become a civil engineer?
Ans: I Decided to become a civil engineer because of my father who is a Math teacher. As a child he shared his great love for solving mathematical equations and other types of puzzles with me. He was always asking me to look outside the box to solve each dilemma. He encouraged me to have a quizzical mind and to always explore not only how something was built but also how it worked. He inspired me to figure out if the design could be improved upon by utilizing a different means.”
50. what The Purpose Of The Gap In The Road On This Bridge?
Ans: Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road
51. On Indian railways , minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge ,is
Ans: 6.1m
53. The device used for changing the direction of the engines is called
Ans: Turn table
54. The device provided to prevent the vehicles from moving beyond the end of rail at terminals is called
Ans: Buffer stops
55. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering?
Ans: The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.
56. The distance between the running edge of the stock and switch rails at the switch heel ,is called
Ans: Heel clearance
57. What are various tests for checking brick quality?
Ans: We can use water absorption test, hardness test, shape & size, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. to check the brick quality. In water absorption test, we dip the brick for 16 hours in water. If weight of brick after dipping in water doesn’t exceed by 20%, it can be considered as first class brick, if below 22.5% it can be considered as second class brick, if below 25% it can be considered as third class brick. In crushing test, it crushing strength should be minimum of 10 N/mm2 for first class brick, 7.5 N/mm2
for second class bricks. In hardness test, we scratch the brick with nails. It should be scratch free. In soundness test we check the metallic sound by striking two bricks with each other
